Vascular Quiz
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A catheter-based procedure in which a metal mesh tube is deployed into an artery to keep it open, following balloon angioplasty to dilate a stenosis
A. carotid artery stenting
B. carotid endarterectomy
C. arteriotomy
D. in-stent restenosis
Where does a typical carotid endarterectomy procedure involving a longitudinal arteriotomy begin and end?
A. A normal proximal CCA to ICA
B. A normal distal ECA to the bulb and ICA
C. A normal distal portion of ICA into the CCA
D. A normal proximal ICA to the bulb
When high-pressure baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure, they trigger which of the following responses?
A. Increased heart rate and vasodilation
B. Decreased heart rate and vasodilation
C. Decreased heart rate and vasoconstriction
D. Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction
The activation of low-pressure baroreceptors leads to
A. Increased release of aldosterone
B. Increased vagal tone to the heart
C. Decreased sympathetic drive to the renal blood vessels and increased renal excretion of sodium
D. Increased ADH secretion leading to water reabsorption and increased ECF volume
Which of the following factors most significantly influences capillary fluid shift during the intermediate time course mechanism?
A. Changes in blood volume and arterial pressure
B. The presence of vasodilatory cytokines
C. Immediate activation of the sympathetic nervous system
D. Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Abbreviated PTFE, a synthetic graft material used to create grafts and blood vessel patches; a common brand name is Gore Tex
A. in-stent stenosis
B. polytetrafluorothylene
C. arteriotomy
D. carotid artery stenting
The carotid sinus baroreceptors primarily monitor blood pressure in which part of the circulatory system?
A. Large veins
B. Pulmonary circulation
C. Systemic arterial circulation
D. Cerebral circulation
The Starling equation for capillary filtration predicts that the net filtration pressure is determined by the difference between
A. Hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary and the oncotic pressure outside the capillary
B. The sum of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure inside the capillary and outside the capillary
C. Hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary and the oncotic pressure inside the capillary
D. The difference between the hydrostatic pressure inside and outside the capillary, and the oncotic pressure inside and outside the capillary
patient is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome (kidney disease), which results in significant protein loss in urine. Considering the Starling forces acting at the capillary level, what effect does this condition have on fluid movement across capillary membranes?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure leading to fluid reabsorption
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure leading to fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces and edema
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to fluid retention
D. Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure facilitating fluid absorption
In the capillary, net filtration typically occurs at the arterial end due to
A. Higher capillary hydrostatic pressure than oncotic pressure
B. Higher oncotic pressure than capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Equal capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
D. Increased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
A 60-year-old woman with a history of atherosclerosis presents with muscle pain during exercise. Which of the following changes in vascular physiology is most likely contributing to her symptoms?
A. Decreased blood flow due to increased vessel diameter
B. Increased vascular resistance due to plaque formation in arteries
C. Increased cardiac output compensating for reduced peripheral flow
D. Decreased blood viscosity due to anemia
Because of limitations in evaluating the vessels following an endarterectomy, what becomes more important to evaluate?
A. Quality of flow in the distal ICA
B. Quality of flow in the vertebral arteries
C. Quality of flow in the proximal ICA
D. Quality of flow in the contralateral ICA
For maximal efficacy, how far should a stent extend proximal and distal to the lesion?
A. a few centimeters
B. less than 1 mm
C. a few millimeters
D. more than 10 mm
Stent distortion has been reported with mechanical forces on the neck from all the following EXCEPT:
A. head tilting
B. coughing
C. neck rotations
D. swallowing
A narrowing of the lumen of a stent, which causes a stenosis
A. carotid endarterectomy
B. polytetraflourothylene
C. in stent- restenosis
D. carotid artery stenting